The abstract data type Doc represents pretty documents.

More specifically, a value of type Doc represents a non-empty set of possible renderings of a document. The rendering functions select one of these possibilities.

Doc is an instance of the Show class. (show doc) pretty prints document doc with a page width of 80 characters and a ribbon width of 32 characters.

show (text "hello" <$> text "world")

Which would return the string "hello\nworld", i.e.

hello
world

The empty document is, indeed, empty. Although empty has no content, it does have a 'height' of 1 and behaves exactly like (text "") (and is therefore not a unit of <$>).

The document (char c) contains the literal character c. The character shouldn't be a newline ('n'), the function line should be used for line breaks.

The document (text s) contains the literal string s. The string shouldn't contain any newline ('n') characters. If the string contains newline characters, the function string should be used.

The document (string s) concatenates all characters in s using line for newline characters and char for all other characters. It is used instead of text whenever the text contains newline characters.

The document (int i) shows the literal integer i using text.

The document (integer i) shows the literal integer i using text.

The document (float f) shows the literal float f using text.

The document (double d) shows the literal double d using text.

The document (rational r) shows the literal rational r using text.

The document (bool b) shows the literal bool b using text.

An associative operation.

>>> [1,2,3] <> [4,5,6]
[1,2,3,4,5,6]

The document (nest i x) renders document x with the current indentation level increased by i (See also hang, align and indent).

nest 2 (text "hello" <$> text "world") <$> text "!"

outputs as:

hello
  world
!

The line document advances to the next line and indents to the current nesting level. Document line behaves like (text " ") if the line break is undone by group.

The linebreak document advances to the next line and indents to the current nesting level. Document linebreak behaves like empty if the line break is undone by group.

The group combinator is used to specify alternative layouts. The document (group x) undoes all line breaks in document x. The resulting line is added to the current line if that fits the page. Otherwise, the document x is rendered without any changes.

The document softline behaves like space if the resulting output fits the page, otherwise it behaves like line.

softline = group line

The document softbreak behaves like empty if the resulting output fits the page, otherwise it behaves like line.

softbreak  = group linebreak

A linebreak that will never be flattened; it is guaranteed to render as a newline.

A document that is normally rendered as the first argument, but when flattened, is rendered as the second document.

The document (align x) renders document x with the nesting level set to the current column. It is used for example to implement hang.

As an example, we will put a document right above another one, regardless of the current nesting level:

x $$ y  = align (x <$> y)

test    = text "hi" <+> (text "nice" $$ text "world")

which will be layed out as:

hi nice
   world

The hang combinator implements hanging indentation. The document (hang i x) renders document x with a nesting level set to the current column plus i. The following example uses hanging indentation for some text:

test  = hang 4 (fillSep (map text
        (words "the hang combinator indents these words !")))

Which lays out on a page with a width of 20 characters as:

the hang combinator
    indents these
    words !

The hang combinator is implemented as:

hang i x  = align (nest i x)

The document (indent i x) indents document x with i spaces.

test  = indent 4 (fillSep (map text
        (words "the indent combinator indents these words !")))

Which lays out with a page width of 20 as:

    the indent
    combinator
    indents these
    words !

The document (encloseSep l r sep xs) concatenates the documents xs separated by sep and encloses the resulting document by l and r. The documents are rendered horizontally if that fits the page. Otherwise they are aligned vertically. All separators are put in front of the elements. For example, the combinator list can be defined with encloseSep:

list xs = encloseSep lbracket rbracket comma xs
test    = text "list" <+> (list (map int [10,200,3000]))

Which is layed out with a page width of 20 as:

list [10,200,3000]

But when the page width is 15, it is layed out as:

list [10
     ,200
     ,3000]

The document (list xs) comma separates the documents xs and encloses them in square brackets. The documents are rendered horizontally if that fits the page. Otherwise they are aligned vertically. All comma separators are put in front of the elements.

The document (tupled xs) comma separates the documents xs and encloses them in parenthesis. The documents are rendered horizontally if that fits the page. Otherwise they are aligned vertically. All comma separators are put in front of the elements.

The document (semiBraces xs) separates the documents xs with semicolons and encloses them in braces. The documents are rendered horizontally if that fits the page. Otherwise they are aligned vertically. All semicolons are put in front of the elements.

The document (x <+> y) concatenates document x and y with a space in between. (infixr 6)

The document (x <$> y) concatenates document x and y with a line in between. (infixr 5)

The document (x </> y) concatenates document x and y with a softline in between. This effectively puts x and y either next to each other (with a space in between) or underneath each other. (infixr 5)

The document (x <$$> y) concatenates document x and y with a linebreak in between. (infixr 5)

The document (x <//> y) concatenates document x and y with a softbreak in between. This effectively puts x and y either right next to each other or underneath each other. (infixr 5)

The document (hsep xs) concatenates all documents xs horizontally with (<+>).

The document (vsep xs) concatenates all documents xs vertically with (<$>). If a group undoes the line breaks inserted by vsep, all documents are separated with a space.

someText = map text (words ("text to lay out"))

test     = text "some" <+> vsep someText

This is layed out as:

some text
to
lay
out

The align combinator can be used to align the documents under their first element

test     = text "some" <+> align (vsep someText)

Which is printed as:

some text
     to
     lay
     out

The document (fillSep xs) concatenates documents xs horizontally with (<+>) as long as its fits the page, than inserts a line and continues doing that for all documents in xs.

fillSep xs  = foldr (</>) empty xs

The document (sep xs) concatenates all documents xs either horizontally with (<+>), if it fits the page, or vertically with (<$>).

sep xs  = group (vsep xs)

The document (hcat xs) concatenates all documents xs horizontally with (<>).

The document (vcat xs) concatenates all documents xs vertically with (<$$>). If a group undoes the line breaks inserted by vcat, all documents are directly concatenated.

The document (fillCat xs) concatenates documents xs horizontally with (<>) as long as its fits the page, than inserts a linebreak and continues doing that for all documents in xs.

fillCat xs  = foldr (<//>) empty xs

The document (cat xs) concatenates all documents xs either horizontally with (<>), if it fits the page, or vertically with (<$$>).

cat xs  = group (vcat xs)

(punctuate p xs) concatenates all documents in xs with document p except for the last document.

someText = map text ["words","in","a","tuple"]
test     = parens (align (cat (punctuate comma someText)))

This is layed out on a page width of 20 as:

(words,in,a,tuple)

But when the page width is 15, it is layed out as:

(words,
 in,
 a,
 tuple)

(If you want put the commas in front of their elements instead of at the end, you should use tupled or, in general, encloseSep.)

The document (fill i x) renders document x. It than appends spaces until the width is equal to i. If the width of x is already larger, nothing is appended. This combinator is quite useful in practice to output a list of bindings. The following example demonstrates this.

types  = [("empty","Doc")
         ,("nest","Int -> Doc -> Doc")
         ,("linebreak","Doc")]

ptype (name,tp)
       = fill 6 (text name) <+> text "::" <+> text tp

test   = text "let" <+> align (vcat (map ptype types))

Which is layed out as:

let empty  :: Doc
    nest   :: Int -> Doc -> Doc
    linebreak :: Doc

The document (fillBreak i x) first renders document x. It than appends spaces until the width is equal to i. If the width of x is already larger than i, the nesting level is increased by i and a line is appended. When we redefine ptype in the previous example to use fillBreak, we get a useful variation of the previous output:

ptype (name,tp)
       = fillBreak 6 (text name) <+> text "::" <+> text tp

The output will now be:

let empty  :: Doc
    nest   :: Int -> Doc -> Doc
    linebreak
           :: Doc

The document (enclose l r x) encloses document x between documents l and r using (<>).

enclose l r x   = l <> x <> r

Document (squotes x) encloses document x with single quotes "'".

Document (dquotes x) encloses document x with double quotes '"'.

Document (parens x) encloses document x in parenthesis, "(" and ")".

Document (angles x) encloses document x in angles, "<" and ">".

Document (braces x) encloses document x in braces, "{" and "}".

Document (brackets x) encloses document x in square brackets, "[" and "]".

The document lparen contains a left parenthesis, "(".

The document rparen contains a right parenthesis, ")".

The document langle contains a left angle, "<".

The document rangle contains a right angle, ">".

The document lbrace contains a left brace, "{".

The document rbrace contains a right brace, "}".

The document lbracket contains a left square bracket, "[".

The document rbracket contains a right square bracket, "]".

The document squote contains a single quote, "'".

The document dquote contains a double quote, '"'.

The document semi contains a semicolon, ";".

The document colon contains a colon, ":".

The document comma contains a comma, ",".

The document space contains a single space, " ".

x <+> y   = x <> space <> y

The document dot contains a single dot, ".".

The document backslash contains a back slash, "\".

The document equals contains an equal sign, "=".

Displays a document with the black forecolor

Displays a document with the red forecolor

Displays a document with the green forecolor

Displays a document with the yellow forecolor

Displays a document with the blue forecolor

Displays a document with the magenta forecolor

Displays a document with the cyan forecolor

Displays a document with the white forecolor

Displays a document with the dull black forecolor

Displays a document with the dull red forecolor

Displays a document with the dull green forecolor

Displays a document with the dull yellow forecolor

Displays a document with the dull blue forecolor

Displays a document with the dull magenta forecolor

Displays a document with the dull cyan forecolor

Displays a document with the dull white forecolor

Displays a document with the black backcolor

Displays a document with the red backcolor

Displays a document with the green backcolor

Displays a document with the yellow backcolor

Displays a document with the blue backcolor

Displays a document with the magenta backcolor

Displays a document with the cyan backcolor

Displays a document with the white backcolor

Displays a document with the dull black backcolor

Displays a document with the dull red backcolor

Displays a document with the dull green backcolor

Displays a document with the dull yellow backcolor

Displays a document with the dull blue backcolor

Displays a document with the dull magenta backcolor

Displays a document with the dull cyan backcolor

Displays a document with the dull white backcolor

Displays a document in a heavier font weight

Displays a document in the normal font weight

Displays a document with underlining

Displays a document with no underlining

Removes all colorisation, emboldening and underlining from a document

The member prettyList is only used to define the instance Pretty a => Pretty [a]. In normal circumstances only the pretty function is used.

The data type SimpleDoc represents rendered documents and is used by the display functions.

Whereas values of the data type Doc represent non-empty sets of possible renderings of a document, values of the data type SimpleDoc represent single renderings of a document.

The Int in SText contains the length of the string. The Int in SLine contains the indentation for that line. The library provides two default display functions displayS and displayIO. You can provide your own display function by writing a function from a SimpleDoc to your own output format.

This is the default pretty printer which is used by show, putDoc and hPutDoc. (renderPretty ribbonfrac width x) renders document x with a page width of width and a ribbon width of (ribbonfrac * width) characters. The ribbon width is the maximal amount of non-indentation characters on a line. The parameter ribbonfrac should be between 0.0 and 1.0. If it is lower or higher, the ribbon width will be 0 or width respectively.

(renderCompact x) renders document x without adding any indentation. Since no 'pretty' printing is involved, this renderer is very fast. The resulting output contains fewer characters than a pretty printed version and can be used for output that is read by other programs.

This rendering function does not add any colorisation information.

A slightly smarter rendering algorithm with more lookahead. It provides provide earlier breaking on deeply nested structures For example, consider this python-ish pseudocode: fun(fun(fun(fun(fun([abcdefg, abcdefg]))))) If we put a softbreak (+ nesting 2) after each open parenthesis, and align the elements of the list to match the opening brackets, this will render with renderPretty and a page width of 20 as: fun(fun(fun(fun(fun([ | abcdef, | abcdef, ] ))))) | Where the 20c. boundary has been marked with |. Because renderPretty only uses one-line lookahead, it sees that the first line fits, and is stuck putting the second and third lines after the 20-c mark. In contrast, renderSmart will continue to check that the potential document up to the end of the indentation level. Thus, it will format the document as:

fun(                |
  fun(              |
    fun(            |
      fun(          |
        fun([       |
              abcdef,
              abcdef,
            ]       |
  )))))             |

Which fits within the 20c. boundary.

(displayS simpleDoc) takes the output simpleDoc from a rendering function and transforms it to a ShowS type (for use in the Show class).

showWidth :: Int -> Doc -> String
showWidth w x   = displayS (renderPretty 0.4 w x) ""

ANSI color information will be discarded by this function unless you are running on a Unix-like operating system. This is due to a technical limitation in Windows ANSI support.

(displayIO handle simpleDoc) writes simpleDoc to the file handle handle. This function is used for example by hPutDoc:

hPutDoc handle doc  = displayIO handle (renderPretty 0.4 80 doc)

Any ANSI colorisation in simpleDoc will be output.

The action (putDoc doc) pretty prints document doc to the standard output, with a page width of 80 characters and a ribbon width of 32 characters.

main :: IO ()
main = do{ putDoc (text "hello" <+> text "world") }

Which would output

hello world

Any ANSI colorisation in doc will be output.

(hPutDoc handle doc) pretty prints document doc to the file handle handle with a page width of 80 characters and a ribbon width of 32 characters.

main = do{ handle <- openFile "MyFile" WriteMode
         ; hPutDoc handle (vcat (map text
                           ["vertical","text"]))
         ; hClose handle
         }

Any ANSI colorisation in doc will be output.